Onlayn kitobni bepul oʻqish  A Beginner's History

muallif William H. Mace

[Pg 1]

This time Thorvald, one of Leif's brothers, led the expedition. On reaching land, as they stepped ashore, he exclaimed: "It is a fair region and here I should like to make my home." But Thorvald was killed in a battle with the Indians and was buried where he had wanted to build his home. The Northmen continued to visit the new land, but finally the Indians became so unfriendly that the Northmen went away and never came again.

Various duties kept him away from the new land for eight years after its discovery. In 1521 he again set out from Porto Rico, with priests and soldiers, and amply provided with cattle and horses and goods. He wrote to the King of Spain: "Now I return to that island, if it please God's will, to settle it." He was an old man then and hoped to found a peaceful and prosperous colony of which he was to be governor. But Indians attacked his settlement and sickness laid low many of his men. He had been in Florida only a short time when he himself was wounded in a fight with the Indians. Feeling that he would soon die, he hastily set sail with all his men for Cuba, where he died shortly after.

16. Pizarro's Voyages. Another Spaniard, Francisco Pizarro, dreamed of finding riches greater than De Leon or Cortés had ever heard of. He set out for Peru with an army of two hundred men. Reaching the coast, he started inland and in a few days came to the foot of the Andes. They crossed the mountains and, marching down the eastern side, the Spaniards came upon the Inca, the native ruler, and his army. By trickery they made the Inca a prisoner, put him to death, and then subdued the army. The Spaniards then marched on to Cuzco, the capital of Peru, where they found enormous quantities of gold and silver. Never before in the history of the world had so many riches been found. This great wealth was divided among the Spaniards according to rank. But the greedy Spaniards fell to quarreling and fighting among themselves, and Pizarro fell by the hand of one of his own men.

20. Only Half the Army Returns to Cuba. There were bold leaders still left in the army. They turned westward again, but after finding neither gold nor silver, they returned to the Mississippi and spent the winter on its banks. There they built boats, and then floated down to the Gulf. Only one half of the army returned to tell the sad tales of hardships, battles, and poverty.

The Leading Facts. 1. Columbus was born near the shores of the Mediterranean and trained for the sea by study and by experience. 2. The people of Europe traded with the Far East, but the Turks destroyed their trade routes. 3. Columbus was drawn to Portugal because of Prince Henry's great work. 4. Columbus thought he could reach the rich cities of the East by sailing west. 5. After many discouragements he won aid from Isabella and discovered the Bahama Islands, Cuba, and Haiti. 6. The king and queen of Spain received Columbus with great ceremony. 7. Columbus made three more voyages, but was disappointed in not finding the rich cities of India. 8. Ponce de Leon sailed from Porto Rico to find a land of which strange stories had been told of riches and of a fountain of eternal youth. 9. He reached Florida on Easter Sunday, 1513. 10. Eight years later he returned to found a settlement. 11. He was attacked by the Indians, wounded, and forced to return to Porto Rico, where he died of his wounds. 12. His is the distinction of being the first white man to plant a settlement in the United States after the discovery of America by Columbus. 13. Cortés marched against a rich city, afterward called Mexico, captured the ruler, and fought great battles with the people. 14. Cortés captured the city and ruled it for several years. 15. From this time on Mexico gradually filled with Spanish settlers. 16. Pizarro invaded Peru, the richest of all countries, and captured and put to death the ruler. 17. Pizarro was killed by his own men. 18. Coronado marched north from Mexico into Arizona and New Mexico, but found no rich cities. 19. He wandered into the great prairies and the rocky country of Colorado but finally turned back in disappointment. 20. De Soto wandered over the country east of the Rocky Mountains in search of rich cities, but found a great river, the Mississippi, and later was buried in its waters. 21. Hence the Spaniards, eager for gold, went to Mexico and South America rather than farther to the north. 22. Columbus thought the world was round, but Magellan proved it. 23. Magellan sailed around South America into the Pacific Ocean, and across this new sea to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. 24. His ship reached Spain—the first to sail around the world.

Study Questions. 1. Make a list of articles which the caravans (camels and horses) of the East brought to the Black Sea. 2. What studies fitted Columbus for the sea? 3. Why were there so many sailors in Lisbon? 4. How did Columbus get his idea of the earth's shape? 5. What did men in Portugal and Spain think of this idea? 6. Tell the story of Columbus in Spain. 7. What is the meaning of the vow taken by him? 8. Make a picture in your mind of the first voyage of Columbus. Read the poem "Columbus," by Joaquin Miller. 9. Shut your eyes and imagine you see Columbus land and take possession of the country. 10. Why was Columbus so disappointed? 11. How did the people of Palos act when Columbus returned? 12. Picture the reception of Columbus by the people, and by the king and queen. 13. Why was Columbus disappointed in the second expedition? 14. What did Columbus believe he had accomplished? 15. What had he failed to do that he hoped to do? 16. Why did Ponce de Leon go in search of the new land? 17. What was the strange tradition about the country? 18. What did Ponce de Leon set out to do on his second trip? 19. Did he succeed? 20. What is his distinction? 21. Why did Cortés sink his ships? 22. How were Spaniards armed and how were Indians armed? 23. Describe the city of Mexico. 24. Who began the war, and what does that show about the Spaniards? 25. How did Cortés get more soldiers? 26. How did the people and king receive Cortés in Spain? 27. How was he treated on his return to Mexico? 28. What did Pizarro find in Peru? 29. How did he treat the Inca? 30. What was Pizarro's fate? 31. What was Coronado searching for, and why were the Spaniards disappointed? 32. What things did the Spaniards see that they never before had seen? 33. What report did Coronado make? 34. Why were De Soto's Indian guides false? 35. Show that De Soto was a brave man. 36. How far north did the Spaniards go both east and west of the Mississippi? 37. Tell the story of De Soto's death and burial. 38. What proof can you give to show that the Spaniards were more cruel than necessary? 39. What part of the problem of Columbus did Magellan solve? 40. What was Magellan's preparation? 41. Where is Patagonia, and how could there be signs of spring late in August? 42. What did Magellan's voyage prove, and what remained of Columbus' plans yet to be accomplished? 43. Who accomplished this?

Suggested Readings. Columbus: Hart, Colonial Children, 4-6; Pratt, Exploration and Discovery, 17-32; Wright, Children's Stories in American History, 38-60; Higginson, American Explorers, 19-52; Glascock, Stories of Columbia, 10-35; McMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 122-160; Brooks, The True Story of Christopher Columbus, 1-103, 112-172.

Ponce de Leon: Pratt, Explorations and Discoveries, 17-23.

Cortés: McMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 186-225; Hale, Stories of Adventure, 101-126; Ober, Hernando Cortés, 24-80, 82-291.

Pizarro: Hart, Colonial Children, 12-16: Towle, Pizarro, 27-327.

Coronado: Griffis, Romance of Discovery, 168-182; Hale, Stories of Adventure, 136-140.

De Soto: Hart, Colonial Children, 16-19; Higginson, American Explorers, 121-140.

Magellan: McMurry, Pioneers on Land and Sea, 186-225; Butterworth, Story of Magellan, 52-143; Ober, Ferdinand Magellan, 108-244.

Again, in May, 1498, John Cabot started for India by sailing toward the northwest. This time the fleet was larger, and filled with eager English sailors. But Cabot could not find a way to India, so he altered his course and coasted southward as far as the region now called North Carolina.

The Spanish king was angry. He resolved to crush England. More than one hundred ships, manned by thousands of sailors, were to carry a great army to the hated island. Drake heard about it, and quickly gathered thirty fast ships manned by sailors as bold as himself. His fleet sailed right into the harbor of Cadiz, past cannon and forts, and burned so many Spanish ships that it took Spain another year to get the great fleet ready. Drake declared that he had "singed the King of Spain's beard."

Champlain remained many years in Canada, always working for the good of New France, as the country was called. He helped on the work of the missionaries, made peace between hostile tribes of Indians, and encouraged the fur trade and the coming of new settlers. Worn out with toil and travel, far away from kindred and native land, Champlain died at Quebec on Christmas Day, 1635.

The Leading Facts. 1. Henry Hudson, searching for a shorter route to India, discovered the river which now bears his name. 2. Dutch traders built trading posts throughout the region, made a treaty with the Indians, purchased Manhattan Island, and built the town of New Amsterdam.

Study Questions. 1. How long did it take Captain Newport to reach Virginia? 2. How long does it take a ship to cross the Atlantic now? 3. Why were the settlers afraid of the Indians and Spaniards? 4. Why did the Virginia settlers hunt for gold instead of raising something to eat? 5. What did Smith learn about the Indians? 6. Show how Pocahontas was a friend of the colony. 7. Tell the story of George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. 8. How was the colony different from that at Jamestown? 9. Picture the settlers at St. Mary's. 10. What town did the Puritans establish? 11. When was the richest and most important town in Maryland settled, and after whom was it named? 12. Why were slaves brought to Virginia? 13. Tell the story of Blackbeard.

But the settlers came faster than houses could be built, and some families had to live in caves dug in the banks along the river. Philadelphia grew faster than the other colonial towns, and soon led them all.

The Quakers have always believed that war is unnecessary and wrong, and only a few of them have ever carried arms. Because Friends speak only the truth, they do not take an oath. In the courts of law their simple word is as good as an oath. They have always been quick to help the poor and oppressed. The Quakers were the first to oppose slavery, and they did much to end it both in this country and in the English colonies. It is strange that these kind, gentle people should ever have been so cruelly persecuted.

In the meantime, Oglethorpe had gone to England, but he soon returned with more than two hundred English and German immigrants, who came to Georgia to better their condition. With these immigrants came John and Charles Wesley, who were soon to awake all England with a revival of religion.

Study Questions. 1. Tell the story of Peter Stuyvesant until the time he became governor. 2. What reforms did Stuyvesant bring to the colony? 3. How did he rule? 4. What part did the nine men play in the government? 5. What were they called? 6. Why were the people glad when the English fleet came? 7. What did William and Mary do for the colony? 8. Tell what you know about the way the Dutch lived. 9. Why should the students at Oxford be surprised to hear that William Penn had turned Quaker? 10. Why did his father drive him from home? 11. What shows that William Penn did not waste his time in Paris? 12. Who made peace between Penn and his father? 13. What was William Penn's noble resolution? 14. How did Penn come into possession of Pennsylvania? 15. Prove that Penn was a very generous man. 16. Why did William Penn call his town the "city of brotherly love"? 17. Make a picture of the great treaty under the elm. 18. Tell the story of Oglethorpe. 19. Why did Charleston lend a helping hand to Oglethorpe's colony? 20. Where did the settlers of Georgia come from? 21. What did Oglethorpe build Frederica for? 22. What did the colonists south of Virginia raise?

Study Questions. 1. Why was La Salle not satisfied merely to get rich? 2. Describe the first voyage on the Lakes. 3. Find on the map the places named, from Mackinac to Fort Crèvecœur. 4. How did La Salle reach the Mississippi? 5. Picture Tonti's fort on Starved Rock. 6. Tell the story of the fate of La Salle. 7. What Indian tribe sided with the English? 8. What was the effect of the fall of Quebec?

Stories of Columbia

Study Questions. 1. How long ago was Franklin born? 2. Tell of his school experiences. 3. Why did Franklin not go to sea? 4. Tell the story of his bargain with his brother. 5. What did Franklin hear about the "Dogood Papers"? 6. Tell the story of the "runaway printer." 7. How did he save his time in Philadelphia? 8. How did he happen to go to London the first time? 9. What good example did he set to London printers? 10. Why did he return to Philadelphia? 11. What three great institutions did he found? 12. Why did the people like Poor Richard's Almanac? 13. What public offices did he hold? 14. Picture Franklin proving that electricity and lightning are the same. 15. What did he go to England a second time for? 16. How did Franklin aid in the repeal of the Stamp Act? 17. In what great events did he have a part? 18. What was his work in France? 19. What was his last great work? 20. How did he spend his last days? 21. Point out the obstacles he overcame all along in his career.

Patrick Henry finally retired to his plantation and refused all offers of office. Many old friends and many great strangers went to visit him in his old age as one of the great men of the American Revolution. In the year of his death (1799), when some danger threatened Virginia, Patrick Henry came forth at Washington's request, old and feeble as he was, and aroused the people once more with his burning words. They elected him to the House of Burgesses by a great majority, but he did not live to take office.

Study Questions. 1. Why were the colonists happy because England defeated France? 2. What was the Stamp Act, and why did men in America oppose this act? 3. What did Patrick Henry say in his resolution and in his speech? 4. Picture the scene while Patrick Henry spoke and afterwards. 5. Why did not the Americans like the Tea Tax? 6. Why did not the king like the American "Tea Parties"? 7. What is a Congress; and why should Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams become good friends? 8. Commit to memory a part of Henry's famous "liberty or death" speech. 9. How did the people trust Patrick Henry? 10. What did Samuel Adams do against the Stamp Act? 11. What was the Circular Letter and why should the king be angry about it? 12. Tell how Samuel Adams drove two regiments out of Boston. 13. What caused a Congress? 14. Tell what Samuel and John Adams saw and did on their way to Philadelphia. 15. Why were people glad to see Samuel Adams? 16. What made war seem likely to happen at any time? 17. Read Longfellow's poem, "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere." 18. Give an account of the Battle of Lexington. 19. Picture the retreat from Concord to Boston. 20. Picture the charge of the British soldiers at Bunker Hill. 21. What did Samuel Adams see on his way to the second Continental Congress? 22. Who introduced the motion for independence into the Congress?

Hale was sent to New York immediately and placed before General Howe, to whom he said frankly that he was a spy. The British general wrote out his death warrant, "to be hanged to-morrow morning at sunrise." Not even the death of a soldier was to be his. His brutal guard refused to let him send a last letter to his people. Alone he spent the night, without the comfort of friend or minister. At daybreak he was dragged forth to execution. A crowd of strange people had gathered to see him die. It is said that the officer asked him if there was anything he wished to say. Brave to the last, Nathan Hale answered: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." Thus, at the age of twenty-two, died Nathan Hale, who held his country dearer than his own life.

The Leading Facts. 1. John Paul was born a sailor in Scotland and went to America. 2. He was in America when war broke out; offered his service and was made lieutenant. 3. Congress sent him to France, and Franklin sent him to prey on English commerce. 4. Paul Jones won the great sea fight in the Bon Homme Richard. 5. John Barry was born in Ireland, and went to sea early. 6. Congress made him captain in 1776, in charge of the Lexington. 7. Barry set the country talking by capturing a war vessel and four transports. 8. John Barry won more naval victories in the Revolutionary War than any other office. 9. Named first commodore in 1794 by the Secretary of the Navy.

At the age of sixty, while Washington was still president, and after he had seen Kentucky become a state, Daniel Boone and his faithful wife made the long journey to the region beyond the Mississippi, into what is now Missouri. There he lived and hunted. He saw this region pass from Spain to France, and from France to the United States (1803). He was still a hunter at eighty-two, and saw Missouri preparing to enter the Union as the twenty-fourth state.

Sevier died in 1815, while acting as an officer in marking the boundary line between Georgia and the Indian lands. Only a few soldiers and Indians were present. There he lies, with only the name "John Sevier" cut on a simple slab. But for generations the children of the pioneers went on repeating to their children the story of the courage and goodness of "Nolichucky Jack." His name is yet a household word among the people of eastern Tennessee. Their children are taught the story of his life. In the courthouse yard at Knoxville stands a monument erected to his memory.

21. What were Clark's surroundings in boyhood? 22. When was he a scout? a leader in Kentucky? 23. What made Clark learn to hate the British? 24. Tell the story of his secret. 25. Picture the voyage to the falls of the Ohio. 26. What did Clark do here? 27. Tell the story of events from the falls of the Ohio till he reached Kaskaskia. 28. Picture the scene of the dance at Kaskaskia. 29. What news did Clark give Father Gibault? 30. Where were the British, and what did they do? 31. Picture Clark's march to Vincennes. 32. Be one of the soldiers of Clark and tell what was seen, heard, and done the night of the attack on Vincennes and the next day. 33. Where was Clark's Grant? 34. Why do we call Clark's conquest of Kaskaskia and Vincennes one of the greatest events in American history? 35. Where is a monument erected to his memory? 36. Find on the map the places mentioned in the campaign.

Before this time many planters had thought that slavery was unnecessary. But when Whitney's gin made cotton growing so profitable, they had to have many more laborers to raise this new crop. Thousands of black slaves were sold to the cotton-growing parts of the South. The planters then believed they could not grow cotton without slaves, and it took a terrible war to settle the great question of slave labor.

In 1804 Jefferson was elected president again by a greater majority than before. After serving a second term, he, like Washington, refused to be president for a third time. He retired to Monticello, where he spent his last days pleasantly and where hundreds of friends from all parts of America and Europe came to consult him. The people called him the "Sage of Monticello."

After the fur traders came the missionary, Nathaniel Wyeth, a New Englander who led a party to the Columbia and established a post (1832). Five missionaries followed him and began to work among the Indians. Very soon Parker and Whitman went out to the Nez Percé Indians, who came over the mountains to meet them near the headwaters of the Green River. Parker returned with the Indians and visited Walla Walla, Vancouver, and the Spokane and Colville regions. Whitman returned East, was married, and found a missionary, Spaulding, and his wife, and the party went out to the Oregon country to work among the Indians.

He immediately set sail for Put-In-Bay, where the British fleet was stationed. There he arranged his ships for battle and raised a banner containing the last words of Captain Lawrence, who had been killed earlier in the war while bravely fighting. "Don't give up the ship!" were the words the flag showed as it was unfurled to the breeze.

33. Where was Andrew Jackson born? 34. Name some other boys who learned more from the woods than from books. 35. Mention some early experiences Jackson had with the British soldiers. 36. What other experiences did he have in the war? 37. What led him to go to Nashville? 38. Explain how Jackson outwitted the Indians. 39. What did he do as a young lawyer? 40. Tell the story of Jackson's first call to arms. 41. Give a full account of Jackson's second call to arms. 42. Imagine yourself one of Jackson's soldiers, and tell what you saw and heard at the battle of New Orleans. 43. Give an account of Jackson's fight against the United States Bank. 44. Who was Thomas H. Benton, and why did he defend President Jackson? 45. What action did South Carolina take in 1832, and what did the president do? 46. Where did Jackson live after his last term as president?

Gradually the railroads spread a network over the country. In 1857 St. Louis and Chicago were connected. A railroad to the Pacific coast was much needed, and Congress voted an appropriation of $50,000,000 for the work. By 1869 the great work was completed. Other lines to the coast were started, and to-day many railroads cross the mountains, connecting the Pacific with the North, South, and Atlantic regions.

139. Reapers for the West. The invention of the reaper made it possible for the West to be quickly settled. Before, farmers raised only the few acres they could be sure of harvesting. Grain is lost, if not cut a few days after it is ripe. The wide prairies of the West could not be harvested by the old methods. Now on these great plains huge reapers drawn by engines sometimes cut forty-eight feet of grain in a single swathe.

For several days the Mexicans were held at a distance. They dared not bring their cannon close to the building, for the concealed sharpshooters picked off the men who tried to man the guns. Old Crockett himself laid low five men in charge of one cannon.

One bright spot for Webster lay in the fact that President Fillmore invited him to be Secretary of State again. After two years of service, he went back to Boston. He was received with joy by some of his friends and neighbors, and was hailed with shouts by the multitude. This must have made his heart leap with gratitude, for the praise of friends is pleasant. But men saw he was not like his former self. He went to his home at Marshfield, where he died, October 24, 1852, the greatest figure in American politics in his day.

Study Questions. 1. Describe Lincoln's early surroundings. 2. Picture Abe and his sister. 3. How did Abe help get their meat? 4. What did he owe to his mother? 5. What did Abe's new mother do for him? 6. What books did Abe read and how did he read them? 7. Why was Abe liked in the family? 8. How tall was Lincoln? How old was he when the family started for Illinois? 9. What did he do soon after going to Illinois? 10. What did he see in New Orleans that was new to him? 11. Prove Lincoln was honest. 12. Prove that the men of the countryside had confidence in Lincoln. 13. How old was Lincoln when he ran for the legislature? 14. Tell the story of Lincoln's experiences in running for the legislature. 15. What was his success as a lawyer? 16. Why did Lincoln love public speaking? 17. Why was Lincoln not elected to Congress again? 18. How did Lincoln become the champion speaker against Douglas? 19. What was the effect of the debate? 20. What new declaration did Lincoln make in his Springfield speech? 21. Why did Lincoln challenge Douglas? 22. How did Lincoln become widely known? 23. What was the fatal question put to Douglas by Lincoln? 24. To what rights did Lincoln say the black man is entitled? 25. Picture the scene in the state convention of 1860. 26. What was the effect of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on the Democratic party? 27. Why did this result in Lincoln's election to the presidency? 28. Give an account of the demonstrations made in honor of Lincoln. 29. Who fired the first shot in the Civil War, and where was it fired? 30. How many slave states in all remained loyal to the Union cause? 31. What kind of a war did Lincoln make of this war? 32. Tell the story of the Merrimac and the Monitor. 33. How was the Merrimac protected? 34. How did the Proclamation of Emancipation affect the strength of the Confederates? 35. Describe the surrender of Lee. 36. Tell the story of Lincoln's assassination. 37. How did the nation feel over Lincoln's death? 38. How has he been honored? 39. Describe the statue in Edinburgh. 40. Where was Lincoln buried? 41. What was Lincoln's plan of reconstruction? 42. What happened when Johnson tried to carry this out? 43. Name two matters in which Johnson acted wisely.

After the war was over General Grant served for a time in the cabinet of President Johnson, who had become president at Lincoln's death.

The Leading Facts. 1. Grant born of parents who were farmers. Loved to work with horses. 2. Sent to West Point; was in Mexican War under Generals Taylor and Scott. 3. Was clerk for his father at Galena. 4. In the Civil War rose rapidly till made a major-general. 5. Captured Fort Donelson and Fort Henry. 6. Captured Vicksburg; was made lieutenant-general, and sent into the Wilderness after General Lee. 7. Fought a month, then moved around to Petersburg. 8. Offered Lee terms of surrender. 9. Was twice made president. 10. Died at Mount McGregor. 11. Robert E. Lee was born in Virginia and went to school at Alexandria. 12. Went to West Point, and was in the Mexican War, where he earned honor and fame. 13. Took charge at West Point. 14. Followed Virginia when she seceded, and was given command of the troops defending Richmond. 15. Won several victories over the North. 16. Failed at Gettysburg. 17. Fought to save Richmond. 18. Surrendered to General Grant in spring of 1865. 19. Became president of Washington College.

When Lincoln called for men for the war, Garfield, like thousands of others, volunteered. He became an officer and did his work so well that he was promoted to be major general. Like Hayes, he was elected to Congress while in the army, fighting its battles. Again and again, the people of his district sent him to Congress, and finally in 1880 the legislature of his native state made him a United States senator.

The Leading Facts. 1. Hayes studied law, and served in the Civil War. 2. He was elected to Congress while still in the field. 3. He received only one more vote than Tilden for President. 4. He was wise and fair in his treatment of the South. 5. Garfield was a poor boy who had to work hard for an education. 6. He was a war veteran and was elected senator before becoming President. 7. His remarkable ability as an orator caused him to be nominated for the presidency. 8. His assassination helped to bring civil service reform. 9. Arthur when President, worked for a larger navy. 10. He supported civil service against the spoils system. 11. Cleveland, after being mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York, was elected President twice, though not in succession. 12. A severe panic occurred while he was President. 13. Harrison studied law, and became a general during the Civil War. 14. His election was like that of his grandfather, William Henry Harrison. 15. Changes in the tariff and in pension laws took place during his presidency. 16. At the following election the farmers and those favoring silver money combined in the Populist party, reducing the Republican vote and causing the election of Cleveland.

The Leading Facts. 1. William McKinley was born in Ohio. 2. He went to college at Meadville, Pennsylvania, and afterwards taught school. 3. Enlisted as a private in 1861 and won praise and promotion for bravery in fighting for the Union. 4. After the war he studied law and opened an office in Canton, Ohio. 5. Was a good speaker and was sent to Congress at Washington for seven terms. 6. Twice governor of Ohio, he was elected president of the United States in 1896. 7. The Cubans had revolted many times against Spanish oppression and now rose again. 8. The Americans sympathized with the suffering Cubans; Congress voted fifty thousand dollars for relief work. 9. The United States battleship Maine blown up in Havana Harbor. 10. Spain declared war against the United States. 11. Admiral George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila in the Philippine Islands. 12. American forces, among them the Rough Riders, attacked the Spanish in Cuba. 13. American fleet destroyed the Spanish fleet at Santiago. 14. Peace proposals came from Spain and the treaty of peace was signed in December, 1898. 15. The United States bought the Philippines from Spain, the Hawaiian Islands were annexed, and Cuba became a republic. 16. Guam and Porto Rico also became American possessions. 17. Conditions in former Spanish possessions greatly improved. 18. McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist while he was the guest of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, in September, 1901 and died soon after.

The Leading Facts. 1. Though the son of a rich man, Roosevelt even as a boy was most democratic. 2. In the Roosevelt home idleness, selfishness, and cowardice were unknown. 3. In college Roosevelt was a good student and a genuine sportsman. 4. In spite of the jeers of his rich friends Roosevelt started on a political career by joining the 21st District Republican Association of New York City. 5. Roosevelt was elected three times to the New York Assembly. 6. In 1886 he was nominated for mayor of New York City, but he lost. 7. In 1895 he was appointed police commissioner for New York City. 8. Under President McKinley he was chosen Assistant Secretary of the Navy. 9. During the Spanish-American War he organized the Rough Riders and led them to victory. 10. On his return from war he was elected governor of New York. 11. In 1900 he was elected Vice-President and on the death of President McKinley six months later became President. 12. In 1904 he was reëlected. 13. After he retired from the presidency he traveled in Africa, Europe, and South America. 14. Although nominated for President in the campaign of 1912, he was defeated by Woodrow Wilson. 15. At the beginning of the World War, Roosevelt opposed neutrality and advocated preparedness. 16. Four of his sons took an active part in the war. 17. In January, 1919, Roosevelt died. 18. Taft had been governor of the Philippines before becoming President. 19. Both during his administration and afterward he was an earnest advocate of peace.

The Leading Facts. 1. Gold seekers reached the Pacific coast by three routes: by ship around Cape Horn; across the Isthmus at Panama; and over trails across the mountains. 2. With new discoveries of gold and the increasing population on the Pacific coast, means of rapid communication were urgently needed. 3. In 1869 the Union Pacific Railway was completed. 4. Settlers in large numbers entered the new West; agriculture on the great plains developed rapidly. 5. Farmers crowded on the dry slopes and plateaus and irrigation projects were aided by the government. 6. In California, when free deposits of gold became hard to find, the gold seekers became farmers. 7. First a leading wheat state, California then became the leading fruit-growing state. 8. Great cities grew up along the coast.

9. The Spanish-American War brought home to Americans the urgent necessity for a short route by water between the east and the west coasts. 10. The United States took up the work of building a canal at Panama, buying the rights of a French company which had started the work and had failed. 11. George Washington Goethals given position of chief engineer. 12. Educated at West Point, Goethals served as chief of engineers in the Spanish-American War. 13. The Canal was completed in 1914 and Goethals was appointed first governor of the Canal Zone, a strip of land ten miles wide along the course of the Canal. 14. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition was held at San Francisco in 1915 to celebrate the opening of the Canal.

Study Questions. 1. How did the gold seekers reach the Pacific Coast? 2. What demand did the increasing population in the West bring? 3. What was the name of the first railway across the mountains to the Pacific coast? 4. How many railways cross the mountains to-day? 5. What did the railways bring about? 6. How did this affect the Indians? 7. How did the government aid the farmers in the dry areas? 8. What happened in California when the free gold deposits gave out? 9. What great cities grew up along the Pacific coast? 10. What was happening in the plains east of the Rockies? 11. What first brought home to Americans the urgent need of a canal across the Isthmus? 12. Who began a canal at Panama? 13. Why did the French not succeed? 14. Who was put in charge of the work of the Americans? 15. Where did Goethals study engineering? 16. In what war did he serve? 17. When was the Canal completed? 18. How was the event celebrated?

Suggested Readings. Wright, Children's Stories of American Progress, 268-298; Brooks, The Story of Cotton and The Story of Corn; Nida, Panama and Its "Bridge of Water," 63-187.

In the war each army had its own moving picture camera men. They took pictures of ships torpedoed, of airplane battles, and of the fighting among the icy peaks of the Alps, often at great danger to their own lives. Great events of world history like the signing of the armistice can now be recorded for future times. Such pictures teach us things that cannot easily be learned from books.

204. The Dictaphone in Business Offices. An interesting outgrowth of Edison's phonograph is the dictaphone, used in dictating business letters. It consists of two machines much alike. On the first are put smooth cylinders of wax. The person dictating speaks through a tube. Then the dictaphone operator puts the cylinders on her machine, places light tubes in her ears, and takes down the dictation on her typewriter as she hears it.

One time when the German army threatened Paris it was only the unbroken stream of motor trucks moving along a great French road carrying men and supplies to the front that saved the city. In memory of its service the French call this road the "Sacred Way."

Wilbur and Orville Wright: Wade, The Light Bringers, 112-141; Delacombe, The Boys' Book of Airships; Simonds, All about Airships; Holland, Historic Inventions, 273-295.

In 1869 they organized the National Woman's Suffrage Association. In many states the question of woman suffrage became an important one at election. Wherever they were needed, in California, in New York, or in any other state, these two women could be found. Every year from 1869 until her death, in 1906, Miss Anthony addressed committees of Congress. In 1872 she cast a vote for President. She declared it to be her right under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. For this act she was arrested and fined, but the fine was never collected.

Study Questions. 1. How did women aid in the progress of the nation? 2. What did they do during the Revolution? during the Civil War? 3. What was their position in law and in affairs of government? 4. Who was the first to champion woman suffrage? 5. Describe Elizabeth Cady in her girlhood. What was her opinion of boys and girls? 6. To what did she determine to devote her life? 7. What was the purpose of the woman's rights convention? 8. What demand was first publicly made at this convention? 9. What was Miss Anthony's occupation before she met Mrs. Stanton? 10. Describe the work of these two women for the cause of woman's rights. 11. In 1915 how many states had granted women the right to vote? 12. Why did Julia Ward Howe know so little of work? 13. What did she like to do? 14. What sights did she see in Washington in 1861? 15. What did she do to serve her country? 16. How could a song count much for victory? 17. What was the purpose of women's clubs? 18. How did Harriet Beecher Stowe serve her country? 19. What book did she write? What was its effect? 20. Describe Frances Willard's girlhood, her home, and surroundings. 21. Why did Miss Willard take up temperance work? 22. Did Miss Willard work hard for temperance, woman's rights, and protection of the home? What makes you think so? 23. How did Miss Willard become of international influence? 24. Where did Clara Barton begin her work of nursing the wounded? 25. Where did she go then, and why? 26. Where was the Red Cross Society founded? 27. What was its purpose? 28. What great service does it perform in time of peace? 29. What was the result of the San Francisco earthquake? 30. How did the Red Cross relieve the distress? 31. How did the sight of poverty and suffering affect Jane Addams? 32. What did she determine to do? 33. What did she establish in Chicago? 34. What did the Social Settlement accomplish? 35. Was it a success?

The largest meat-packing plants are located in the corn belt at Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and other cities. To-day meat packing is the greatest business of Chicago and many other large cities. A generation ago it had scarcely begun. But the packers learned to can meat, to use ice for cold storage, and, most important of all, the refrigerator car was invented.

The Leading Facts. 1. The toilers in forest, mine, and factory contributed to the development of our land. 2. Cotton is grown in all the southern states and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 3. A valuable oil is made from the cotton seed. 4. The climate west of the Mississippi best suited to the raising of wheat. 5. The work of cultivating and harvesting is done by machines. 6. Wheat is sent to the flour mills, the largest of which are in Minneapolis. 7. Exports of wheat decreasing. 8. Texas and Iowa the leading cattle-raising states. 9. Cattle from the ranches are fed on corn in the corn states, principally Iowa and Illinois. 10. The refrigerator car permitted the shipment of meat to all the world. 11. Coal and iron mined in America worth many times more than the gold and silver. 12. Hard coal mined in Pennsylvania. 13. The Lake Superior iron ranges the greatest in the world. 14. Pittsburgh is the greatest iron and steel center of America.

After the Lusitania was sunk, the submarine warfare grew more widespread and reckless month by month. In January, 1917, Germany openly declared that in the future she would not limit this warfare by any rules whatever. She aimed to cut off all supplies from Great Britain and to starve her people. She gave America one little port among the British Isles where the United States might send her passengers and commerce. Secret agents of the Central Powers had been blowing up factories in the United States, and purchasing newspapers to defend the German cause. Their treacherous acts had already caused President Wilson to dismiss the German ambassador.

In the 70's, when times were bad, John had to help earn the family living, and he did it by teaching some of the hardest schools in the district. He took the examinations for West Point when he was twenty, and defeated his friend. "I'm sorry you could not win too," he said. At the end of his first year at West Point he was made class leader, a position won only by hard study.

The Phoenicians were akin to the Jews. They lived near the Jews on the Mediterranean and were a sea-going people, the traders of that early time. In their ships, driven by oar and sail, they braved the dangers of the Atlantic and reached Spain and England. To these people must be given the credit of carrying to the Greeks and Romans much of the learning of Egypt and Asia. To the Phoenicians also belongs the honor and fame of inventing an alphabet much like the one we have to-day, although with fewer letters.

With these soldiers Philip conquered Greece, but he ruled the Greeks kindly. He even employed one of them to give lessons to his young son. Aristotle was the teacher who opened to this young man all the learning of the Greeks. Alexander was a bright boy and learned quickly. Although not born a Greek, he admired their learning. He was fond of the blind poet Homer, and it was said could repeat his poems by heart.

The rule of Pericles had one bad result: He was so popular and had been the great man in the government so long that when he passed away there was no one who could take his place. The time in which he lived is often called the "Age of Pericles." After his death history handed his high ideas on to Rome and the rest of the world. No doubt these ideas influenced the great men of Rome.

Study Questions. 1. See map for the boundaries of "Greater Greece." 2. Name heroes among the ancient Greeks. Do you know of any others? 3. What was their favorite story? 4. What was the cause of the Trojan War? 5. Who was Helen and for what was she famous? 6. Who was Socrates? Plato? Aristotle? 7. How is Aristotle connected with Columbus? 8. Who were the Persians? 9. Why did they attack the Greeks? 10. Name the great battles. 11. How was Alexander able to beat the Persians in their own land? 12. How did Alexander benefit the world in what he did?

Hannibal's greatest victory was on the field of Cannae. Rome raised a mighty army, 86,000 men. Hannibal had only 50,000, but he had faith in his veterans, especially in the African horsemen. He arranged his troops so that his center gave way easily. When the Romans thought victory near, Hannibal's heavy troops on each wing attacked them from both sides and his African horsemen struck them in the rear. The Romans lost in killed and wounded 70,000 men.

The Leading Facts. 1. What Italy looks like on the map. 2. Romulus and Remus. 3. The founding of Rome; the six kings. 4. A republic with "consuls" and "senators." 5. The story of Horatius; of Cincinnatus. Our Cincinnatus. 6. The first quarrel, and the removal to the second hill. 7. The capture of Rome by the Gauls; the Gauls become Romans. 8. Rome and Carthage rivals. 9. Quarrel over Sicily. 10. Hannibal takes a great oath. 11. Hannibal's army. 12. How it reached Italy and how long it remained. 13. Hannibal's victory at Cannae. 14. The Romans invade Carthage and defeat Hannibal at Zama. 15. How Rome defeated the phalanx. 16. Romans before conquests a simple people. 17. Effect on the Romans of conquering the world. 18. Second great contest between rich and poor. 19. The Gracchi to the rescue. 20. Death of the Gracchi and why they are remembered.

286. He Crosses the Rubicon. There were other great generals in Rome and they now became jealous of Caesar's many victories and of his popularity. They prepared to punish him. But Caesar was too quick for them. He marched his army rapidly into Italy until he reached a little stream called the Rubicon. To cross this stream meant war—victory or defeat. He stood awhile—so the story runs—in deep study. "The die is cast," said Caesar, and plunged into its waters.

The Leading Facts. 1. Julius Caesar takes the popular side. 2. Governor of Gaul. 3. Conquest of Gaul and the Germans. 4. Caesar invades Britain. 5. Crosses the Rubicon and becomes ruler of the Roman Empire. 6. Why he was assassinated. 7. What Rome gave to the world. 8. Rome famous for its wonderful buildings and roads. 9. Her great literature. 10. How Rome prepared the way for Christianity. 11. Coming of the Huns and Teutons marks the downfall of Rome. 12. The removal of the Roman emperor and Odoacer made king. 13. Anglo-Saxons in Britain. 14. Rome takes Christianity to the Germans. 15. Charles the Great. 16. The Palace School. 17. The crowning of Charlemagne.

In the eighth and ninth centuries these Northmen or Norsemen began moving out in great bands. Some overran the northern part of France and settled on the river Seine. They were called "Normans," and this region is now Normandy. Others sailed to the west and founded Iceland and Greenland. And their "sagas" or records tell us that Leif Ericson and his men even sailed as far as the coast of North America, although the settlements they made then did not prove to be lasting.

England had staked all and had lost. Most of the country gave up. William was crowned king. He divided the land among his nobles, and England, which was democratic under the Anglo-Saxon became aristocratic under the rule of William. The Normans built the huge castles and cathedrals that dot the face of England. From their castles they lorded it over the Anglo-Saxon. But slowly this condition changed. After many years Normans and Anglo-Saxons commenced to grow friendly and their sons and daughters began to marry one another. The fusion of these two classes made the English people a more hardy and daring race than before.